Method and system for interactively determining and displaying geometric relationship between three dimensional objects based on predetermined geometric constraints and position of an input device

ABSTRACT

A system and method of interactively determining and displaying geometric relationships between three dimensional (3D) objects includes the steps of and apparatus for detecting the position of an input device, moving a selected 3D graphic object relative to a graphic pointing symbol in a 3D representation based on position of the input device, determining if the selected graphic object is moved to occlude an underlying 3D graphic object, and positioning and displaying the selected graphic object with respect to the underlying graphic object according to predetermined geometric constraints and the position of the input device. The system and method further dynamically moves and displays the selected graphic object according to movement of the input device and the predetermined geometric constraints while the selected graphic object occludes the underlying graphic object. The selected graphic object clings to the underlying graphic object, and is moved about the underlying graphic object corresponding to movement of the input device. The selected object may be a logical object, such as a logical camera or light source. For example, a camera object is placed based on a geometric element, and the display is changed to the viewpoint of the camera. The operator then interactively changes the display simply by moving the input device, where the display is automatically updated based on movement of the camera object.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of pending U.S. Application entitled“Method and System for Interactively Determining and DisplayingGeometric Relationships Between Three Dimensional Objects Based onPredetermined Geometric Constraints and Position of an Input Device”, bythe same inventor, Ser. No. 08/744,241, filed Nov. 5, 1996, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Application entitled “Method And ApparatusFor Interactively Manipulating and Displaying Presumptive RelationshipsBetween Graphic Objects” by the same inventor, Ser. No. 08/436,158,filed May 8, 1995, which issued on Nov. 5, 1996 as U.S. Pat. No.5,572,639.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to computer aided design and draftingsystems, and more particularly to interactively determining anddisplaying geometric relationships between three dimensional objectsbased on predetermined geometric constraints and position of an inputdevice.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

At the present time, the assembly of three dimensional (3D) objects torealistically depict physical models is based upon the utilization ofgeometric constraints that roughly correspond to real world physicalbehavior. Traditional computer-aided drafting (CAD) methods forassembling these types of digital models require that a computeroperator indicate where and how 3D objects are to be positioned indigital space. The operator indicates a position and orientation for the3D graphical objects and the computer subsequently produces the digitalrepresentation suggested by operator input. If the resultingrepresentation is not correct, the operator deletes the incorrectgraphics from the digital model and attempts to create a newrepresentation that meets the desired criteria.

An operator may press a button on a mouse to provide a “tentative point”to the computer to suggest where an object might be placed in 3D space.Depending upon the type of CAD software used, a second tentative pointmay be required to fully specify the 3D point of interest. The computerresponds by placing a graphic “crosshair” to indicate a precise locationnearby the point suggested by the operator. If the point suggested bythe operator is close to a key coordinate value from an existing 3Dobject in the digital design file, the computer places the tentativepoint at that location and redisplays the graphic object selected in aspecified “highlight” color. If the resulting location is desired by theoperator a key is depressed on an input device to accept the tentativepoint and the specific coordinate values are used one time in animmediately following 3D object input operation. If the coordinatelocation and associated graphic object determined by the computer is notdesired by the operator, the mouse button is pressed again to request adifferent tentative point.

Some CAD software provides a mode of interaction where the softwareautomatically suggests geometrically interesting points near the cursorfor consideration in CAD drafting operations. However, these systemswork best in two dimensions where there is little ambiguity regardingthe true location of the “interesting point” displayed.

Computer programs exist to create and edit solid models in threedimensions. These solids modeling programs provide interactive toolsthat allow the merging of individual graphic objects such as a cylinder,block, torus or other objects in order to create a new solid modelobject definition. Some of these programs offer interactive tools toprovide a surface to surface cling mode that constrains the motion ofone object's surface to the surface of another. However these programslack the ability to define a constrained assembly methodology.

Once the user accepts the coordinate location suggested by the computer,a second operation usually follows whereby the 3D object is moved to acorrect geometric position, and possibly even rotated about one or morespecific coordinate axes to produce the desired orientation. Once again,a tentative point mode of interaction may be used to establish the pointof rotation, or else a default coordinate value indicating the originpoint of the 3D object may be employed as a rotation point. To specifythe exact degree of rotation, another tentative point may be obtained, aspecific angle value may be provided by the operator, or else theoperator may seek an orientation that is acceptable by moving the mouse,which in turn rotates the 3D object until a satisfactory orientation isobtained. Due to the difficulty of interacting in virtual 3D space withonly two dimensional (2D) input devices, such as a mouse or the like,and output devices, such as a video monitor or the like, an operator mayhave to construct temporary geometric elements to fully constrainplacement and orientation. Once the 3D object is in place, the temporaryconstruction geometry is deleted from the 3D model.

To insure that the 3D model has been correctly assembled the CADoperator desires to visualize the model from different perspectivepoints. In present art, this is accomplished by indicating a point ofinterest in 3D space using one of the previously described coordinatespecification techniques, setting a view distance from the point,specifying the axis of rotation for either the view screen or thevirtual world, then either providing an explicit angle value or elseinteractively changing the viewer's perspective point by moving themouse or other input device. In general, this method of viewmanipulation is difficult to master as it requires advance knowledge ofhow the graphic display system is going to respond to modifications tothe underlying mathematical transformation representing 3D space on a 2Dvideo screen.

It is very difficult to create 3D designs using 2D tools, such as amouse and a computer screen. Consider, for example, the difficulty ofplacing a 3D chair object at a proper location around a 3D table object.The operator typically uses one perspective, such as a top perspective,to place the chair object to a position that appears to be locatedadjacent the table object. After placing the chair, however, theoperator changes perspective to a side view and discovers that the chairobject was placed above the table object and not properly on the floor.The operator must then move the chair object down to the floor. Further,the operator may have to reposition the chair object one or more timesto place the chair object at a desired location with respect to thetable object. Even if more than one view is provided at a time, theoperator is typically constrained to work in one view at a time, andthus must typically manipulate the object in several views before theproper geometric relationship is achieved.

It is an objective of the present invention to more rapidly producecomputerized representations of 3D models that conform to predefinedspecifications for appearance, content and relationships among thegraphic objects that are assembled to form the design.

It is a further objective of the present invention to eliminate the dutyon the part of the computer operator of providing the correct positionand orientation of graphic objects to assemble a valid 3D model of adesign or system through a rule-based database to verify thejuxtaposition of 3D objects within the intended context of the design.

It is still a further objective of the present invention that thebehavior of the graphics objects be constrained by a set of geometricspecifications that are constructed in advance of digital data inputoperations and are encoded in the definition of the 3D objects.

It is still a further objective of the present invention that theposition, orientation and projection of the physical model displayed onthe screen can be easily altered through the intelligent manipulation ofperspective points, viewing distances and rotations of the view withoutan operator having to master complex, multiple step commands for viewmanipulation.

It is still a further objective of the present invention that externalprocedures for the verification of 3D object relationships can occurduring digital data input operations to avert the creation of invalidrepresentations of designs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method and system according to the present invention replaces themultiple step mode of 3D coordinate input with a single step assemblymethodology defined for each 3D object to be included in the 3D design.In particular, most positions and orientations for 3D objects are tiedto the movement of the input device or cursor. A computer systemimplemented according to the present invention continuously calculatesgeometric relationships near the cursor for the operator to accept orreject. Predefined rules are maintained to limit the relationships ofinterest for 3D objects and to perform the geometric computations thatprovide other related functions such as tangent, offset, parallel,alignment, end point, major vector, divided segment, extended segment,intersection and other specific coordinate locations derived from thegraphic objects that comprise a digital 3D design.

In general, there are two classes of intelligent assembly: explicit andinferred. In the case of explicit assembly, there are few options forthe positioning of objects, sometimes only one. The case of a groundedelectrical plug and outlet is an example of a single orientation. Avalve installed in a pipe offers an example of a somewhat less explicitorientation of one object to another. In the case of planning officespace, the number of candidate objects and their potential arrangementspreclude an explicit definition of assembly. For many of these objects,assembly is inferred from the position of surrounding objects. For thecase of a chair, it may sit under a desk, alongside a wall, next to atable or couch, or stand by itself. The position of a chair object intothe office design depends upon a number of factors, including aestheticpreference.

Explicit assembly is handled by specifying a few key points or vectorsin the geometric definition of the 3D object. Inferred assembly requiresmore flexibility and variety in the definition of the constraintgeometry elements.

In addition to handling 3D objects that represent physical entities, asystem and method according to the present invention also handleslogical 3D objects such as perspective viewpoints and light sources. Aninterface is provided to accommodate external rule-based inputverification procedures, and the newly-input 3D objects inherit specificcharacteristics of the related 3D object already in the design. A systemand method according to the present invention eliminates much of thelabor required for the interactive selection, positioning, orientationand confirmation of 3D objects used in digital models of physicalreality.

The present invention provides a method for positioning and displaying3D objects within the virtually real space of a digital CAD systemthrough geometric affinity between existing and new objects within a 3Ddesign. A system and method according to the present invention usespredefined geometric relationships between 3D objects defined bygeometric elements and other related 3D objects in the design andposition of an input device, such as a mouse or trackball. The inventionalso contemplates that logical objects, rather than physical objects,may also be placed into an assembly of 3D objects. Such logical objectsinclude things like the viewer's perspective point, the camera angleused, the location of light sources, etc.

A geometry processing engine written according to the present inventioninteractively determines the desired positional relationship betweengraphic 3D objects and automatically generates the correctrepresentation based on geometric constraints and position of the inputdevice. The task of the CAD operator is shifted from instructing thecomputer on how to position and orient 3D objects to accepting ordenying a geometric relationship interactively determined by thecomputer. Input parameters define constraints that presume the desiredlayout, so that more often than not the operator accepts the positionsof the graphic objects and continues with the next task. This eliminatesa great deal of time spent by the operator in constructing geometricrelationships between 3D objects.

“Magnetism” is a metaphor that is used for the interactive graphicbehavior of the elements. For example, the active position on the screenis controlled by the movements of a pointing device, usually a mouse,trackball, or similar type device. When a 3D object is to be added to adrawing, the object is moved with the cursor and automaticallypositioned with respect to any appropriate 3D object whenever the cursorpartially occludes or passes over an underlying or existing 3D object.As the operator moves the object around in a 3D representation, such ason a computer screen, and as the cursor is moved to partially occludeother graphic elements, the graphic engine dynamically alters theposition of the 3D object to, agree with the assembly specificationswith respect to the currently occluded element. When an occluded elementis active, the new 3D object “clings” to the element at a specificlocation, or else is moved along the extent of the geometric constraintwithin the occluded element following movements of the cursor (as movedby the input device). To a CAD operator, the 3D object appears to be“magnetically” attracted to the regions surrounding other 3D objects ofthe drawing. To cancel the magnetic cling behavior, the operator movesthe cursor away from the existing 3D object a certain predetermineddistance, whereupon the new 3D object behavior reverts to moving withthe cursor and automatically aligning with other appropriate 3D objects.

As an option, the 3D object partially occluded by the cursor may besectioned or cut away a certain distance to provide an exact space toaccommodate the new 3D object. The distance can be defined in a varietyof ways including the graphic extent of the 3D object, by a closed spacedefinition that is included in the definition of the symbol, and bycertain 3D geometric elements included in the definition of the 3Dobject. The present invention includes the capability to automaticallyalign, orient and cut out space for a 3D object.

A method of interactively determining geometric relationships between 3Dobjects and displaying the 3D objects according to the present inventioncomprises the steps of detecting the position of an input device, movinga selected 3D graphic object relative to a graphic pointing symbol in a3D representation according to the position of the input device,determining if the selected graphic object is moved to occlude anunderlying 3D graphic object in the 3D representation, and positioningand displaying the selected graphic object with respect to theunderlying graphic object according to predetermined geometricconstraints and the position of the input device.

The method further may include a step of dynamically moving anddisplaying the selected graphic object according to movement of theinput device and the predetermined geometric constraints while theselected graphic object occludes the underlying graphic object. Thedynamically moving and displaying steps may further comprise the stepsof clinging the selected graphic object to the underlying graphicobject, and rotatably moving and displaying the selected graphic objectabout the underlying graphic object corresponding to movement of theinput device. Occlusion may be based on a predefined geometric graphicelement associated with the underlying graphic object. Positioningincludes orienting and aligning the selected object according topredefined geometric constraints. Such geometric constraints may bedefined in association with graphic constraint elements calculatedinteractively or may be incorporated in the definition of the graphicobject.

A method according to the present invention of interactively displayinga 3D design based on geometric constraints and an input device,comprises the steps of displaying a first 3D graphic object having adefined geometric graphic constraint element in a 3D representation,moving and displaying a second 3D graphic object in the 3Drepresentation relative to correspond to the position of the inputdevice, determining if the second graphic object is moved to occlude thegeometric graphic constraint element of the first graphic object, anddynamically positioning and displaying the first graphic object into ageometric relationship with the first graphic object according topredetermined geometric constraints defined by the geometric graphicconstraint element and position of the input device.

The second graphic object is any type of graphic object includinglogical graphic objects such as logical cameras or light sources. For alogical camera object, a method according to the present invention mayinclude steps of viewing the first graphic object from the viewpointrepresented by the logical camera object, and manipulating the logicalcamera object by moving the input device to interactively change thedisplay of the first graphic object according to position of the inputdevice. In this manner, the operator may interactively change theviewpoint of a 3D design simply by moving the input device.

A graphics system for interactively determining geometric relationshipsbetween three dimensional objects and displaying the three dimensionalobjects according to the present invention includes a monitor fordisplaying graphics, a pointing device for indicating location on themonitor, a memory for storing a database of graphic display informationand associated geometric constraints, a processor for executing ageometry processing engine based on the database, the geometricconstraints and the position of the pointing device for displaying arepresentation of 3D graphics on the monitor, where the geometryprocessing engine detects the position of the pointing device, moves aselected 3D graphic object relative to a graphic pointing symbol on themonitor according to the position of the pointing device, determines ifthe selected graphic object is moved to occlude an underlying 3D graphicobject, and if the selected graphic object occludes the underlying 3Dgraphic object in the 3D graphics, positions and displays the selectedgraphic object with respect to the underlying graphic object accordingto predetermined geometric constraints and the position of said pointingdevice.

A system and method according to the present invention thereforeprovides a solution to all of the problems listed above by controllingobjects to behave in an “assembly aware” manner. Individual objectsadded to a design behave in a logical manner that is consistent withtheir intended utilization, installation procedure or other placementconstraints. Since 3D objects behave in a logical manner, the level ofknowledge required of the CAD operator knowledge decreases to the pointwhere specialized training is not required. For example, much of thegeometric instructions the operator provides to the CAD software toachieve the desired 3D assembly conventions is eliminated. This presentinvention thus opens an entirely new class of CAD applications that canbe utilized by anyone familiar with the basics of computer interaction.

Particularly, applications with wide spread appeal can be enabled forrelative computer novices. This savings of time translate into higherproductivity and drastically less training on the part of the CADoperator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when thefollowing detailed description of the preferred embodiment is consideredin conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram illustrating operation of a systemaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a representative computer screen that an operator interactswith using a pointing device to create digital drawings;

FIG. 3A is a graphic diagram illustrating operations performed by asystem according to the present invention;

FIG. 3B illustrates an initial cling characteristic of a floating objectwith an existing, underlying object;

FIG. 3C illustrates a continuing clinging characteristic according tothe present invention;

FIGS. 3D-3F illustrate possible behaviors that can be applied to afloating object while it is clinging to an underlying object;

FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate yet further examples of the cling characteristicusing a system according to the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates how TEXT is handled in context with other graphicobjects;

FIGS. 6A-6D, 7A-7D, 8A-8E and 9A-9E illustrate various examples ofobjects including alignment vectors for aligning the graphic objects andmodifying underlying objects;

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate alignment of two pipe objects usingalignment vectors;

FIG. 11 illustrates the present invention used to implement closed clipregion objects for partial deletion of graphic objects in a design;

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a computer system implemented according to thepresent invention;

FIGS. 13A-13C are three dimensional (3D) graphic diagrams illustratingassembly of two pipe objects;

FIG. 14A is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a selected 3D object beingmoved with a graphic pointing symbol towards an underlying graphicconstraint element with predefined geometric constraints;

FIG. 14B is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating the behavior of theselected 3D object of FIG. 14A with the underlying graphic constraintelement according to the predefined geometric constraint elementconstraints when a selected 3D object occludes the graphic constraintelement;

FIG. 15A is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a graphic assemblyconstraint element that is combined with a 3D object in order to defineinteractive object placement constraints;

FIG. 15B is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a 3D design after placingselected 3D objects according to the interactive object placementconstraints;

FIG. 16A is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating placement of 3D furnitureobjects with respect to an underlying 3D object to create a 3D design;

FIG. 16B is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating derivation of additionalgraphic constraint elements from a primary graphic constraint elementfor a 3D furniture object;

FIG. 17 is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating how 3D visualization isinteractively controlled based upon perspective points derived from anadditional graphic constraint element derived in FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a series of constrainedview perspective points as applied to the visualization of an inferredassembly of 3D furniture objects forming a 3D design;

FIGS. 19A-19F are 3D graphic diagrams showing the view from each of theconstrained view perspective points of the 3D design of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a series of light sourceshaving locations constrained as applied to the visualization of aninferred assembly of 3D furniture objects of the 3D design of FIG. 18;

FIG. 21 depicts four simultaneous views of the 3D design of FIG. 18; and

FIG. 22 illustrates a view operation to achieve multiple sized andcentered views of a selected 3D object of interest in the 3D design ofFIG. 18.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 12 illustrates a computer system 1200 implemented according to thepresent invention. The computer system 1200 may be any comparablecomputer system capable of operating as a computer aided design anddrafting (CAD) system, such as an IBM XT, AT or IBM-compatible computersystem or the like. The computer system 1200 includes a display deviceor monitor 1202 for viewing a graphic environment. A keyboard 1204 isalso provided for inputting text, as well as a pointing device 1206,such as a mouse, trackball or other similar device, for manipulatinggraphic objects on the screen of the monitor 1202. A main system unit1208 includes the necessary logic for running software and processingcommands as known to those skilled in the art. For example, a processor1210, such as the 80386, i486, Pentium, etc. by the Intel Corporation(Intel), is coupled to memory 1212 for executing software implementedaccording to the present invention.

The computer system 1200 is preferably implemented as a CAD systemaccording to the present invention by loading software incorporating ageometry processing engine into the memory 1212 for execution by theprocessor 1208 for receiving input and commands from the keyboard 1204and pointing device 1206 and generating a graphic output on the monitor1202. Graphic parameters and geometric relationships are defined indatabase files stored in memory. It is noted that alternative computersystems and interfaces are contemplated, such as three-dimensional (3D)holographic displays for improved visual representation of the graphicenvironment.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a flowchart diagram is shown illustratingoperation of a system according to the present invention. The flowchartillustrates that the system is designed to create representations thatconform to predefined specifications for the geometric and logicalrelationships that exist among graphic objects in a computer baseddrawing representing a design, system or model.

In step 100, the applicable specific geometric relationships such asalignment, offset, etc. are defined for each entity that is representedin one or more drawings. Additionally, any relationships that are basedupon associated database attributes are tabulated and encoded. In thenext step 102, the graphic objects used as geometric constraintcomponents are created according to specifications for the desiredfunctional behavior. In the next step 104, any additional genericgeometric constraints that may apply are determined and tabulated.

In the next step 106, the constraint definitions for each object arecreated as a collection of digital data that appears in a recognizableform such as a graphic symbol. Each symbol comprises a series ofcomponents, some of which are always displayed on a computer screen asthe normal graphic representation of the associated object, somecomponents which are not normally displayed on the screen except as anaid to their definition, some logical verification components aretabulated as a digitally encoded rule-based record that is associatedwith the symbol, and some components are stored as textual specificationdata that is provided to the control software at the moment the objectis activated for inclusion in the design, system or model. The textualdata may be any one of several formats, such as ASCII (American StandardCode for Information Interchange) or the like.

In the next step 108, an object is selected for input by the operatorusing any of several techniques including the selection of a graphicicon from a computer screen (FIG. 2) that represents the object, typingin a keyed command that causes the object to become active, or any othermeans of indicating to a software program that the desired object is tobe added to the drawing using the geometry processing engine.

In the next step 110, the object is read into the geometry processingengine and graphically interacts with other objects according to thespecifications provided in the symbolic definition and the constraintsof any external database attribute or knowledge based verificationprocess. Feedback is provided to the operator to indicate the integrityof the proposed relationships between the new object and existinggraphic objects in the digital drawing. Such feedback includes changingthe color of the affected graphic objects, providing additionalon-screen motions to the affected symbol to indicate a correct orincorrect validation result, or providing unique auditory sounds toindicate a correct or incorrect validation result. In the next step 111,the graphic representations are verified against a rule-based database.

In the next step 112, the object is accepted by the operator as being acorrect representation at which point the geometry engine inserts thesymbol in context into the graphic representation of the design, systemor model, taking into account all geometric control specificationsprovided with the symbolic definition. Once the new graphic object isadded to the existing digital file, the sequence of operations returnsto step 108 and drafting operations continue. In particular, steps108-112 are repeatedly performed in sequential manner until the operatorhas added all desired objects, and operation is then completed.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a representative computer screen 200 is shownin the context of interactive CAD software. Steps 100-106 havepreviously been performed at this point so that the operatorinteractively selects objects in step 108 and accepts a selected objectin step 112 until a 2D design is completed. The operator selects objectswith a cursor as known for window environments, although the presentinvention is not limited to a windows environment. A tool palette 202 isprovided containing one or more icons that indicate the graphic objectsthat are available for processing by the geometry engine. A series ofobjects 204 that have been previously placed appear on the screen 200,which in this particular case is a series of pipes for a plumbingsystem. Of course, other types of objects are contemplated, such asengineering designs, electrical schematics, utility systems such aspower generation and distribution grids, chemical processes, etc. Theobjects 204 thus are represented in the underlying design file. Anoptional control panel 206 is provided to specify any additionalgeometric functions that are to apply to the symbolic object. Thebalance of the screen depicts a typical interactive computer aideddesign environment.

FIG. 3A is a graphic diagram illustrating operations performed by asystem according to the present invention. A computer screen 300, whichis similar to screen 200, is shown including a tool palette 302 forselecting graphic objects. The operator selects a symbol from the toolpalette 302 and activates an object 304 with a cursor 306, where thegeometry processing engine performs the activation as described above.The selected object 304 moves or “floats” with the cursor 306 (thuscalled a floating object) at a particular displacement, rotation andorientation according to predetermined criterion. In the example shown,the floating object 304 maintains zero degree rotation with its originon the cursor 306.

Once selected, the operator moves a pointing device to move the cursor306 and the object 304 within the computer screen 300 along any desiredpath 308, and eventually within proximity of an underlying object 310.The floating object 304 is selected and shown on the computer screen 300but is not made part of the underlying design file until accepted at adesired location by the operator. The underlying object 310 has alreadybeen previously accepted and therefore part of the underlying designfile. Throughout this disclosure, an underlying object exists in theunderlying design file, but a new or selected object to be placed is notmade part of the design file until accepted by the operator.

A predetermined and programmed location tolerance, illustrated with adotted circle 312 but normally not displayed, identifies a minimumperpendicular distance which determines when the object 304 is closeenough to the underlying object 310 to establish an association orgraphic relationship. When the designated origin point of the object 304moves to within the location tolerance 312 with respect to theunderlying object 310 or with respect to any other object where agraphic relationship is allowed, the cling mode of interaction isinvoked whereby the floating object 304 “jumps” onto the underlyinggraphics object 310 as though it were magnetically attracted. In FIG.3A, the origin and cursor 306 are positioned at a distance from theunderlying object 310 greater than the location tolerance 312, so theobject 304 remains floating with or otherwise attached to the cursor306.

FIG. 3B illustrates the initial cling characteristic of a floatingobject with an existing, underlying object. In particular, once theobject 304 is within the location tolerance of the underlying object310, the floating object 304 jumps from the cursor 306 to cling to theunderlying object 310. In the example shown in FIG. 3B, the jump is theshortest or perpendicular distance where the origin of the object 304aligns and is coincident with the closest or cling point 313 of theunderlying object 310. The cling point 313 is typically displayed on thescreen 300 for purposes of visual feedback to the operator, although itmay alternatively be transparent or invisible if desired.

FIG. 3C illustrates how the floating object 304 magnetically clings tothe underlying object 310 as the cursor 306 is moved in proximity withthe underlying object 310. As the pointing device is moved by theoperator, the object 304 follows the extent of the underlying object 310and, if an offset distance, rotation angle, or other geometricspecification has been defined, the object 304 assumes a position withrespect to the geometric specifications and the active magnetic clingpoint 313 on the underlying object 310. In the example shown in FIG. 3C,a programmed rejection tolerance, illustrated as a dotted circle 314about the origin of the object 304, is defined where the object 304remains clinging to the underlying object 310 while the cursor 306 iswithin the rejection tolerance. The rejection tolerance is preferablylarger than the location tolerance to achieve a hysteresis effect. It isnoted that the location and rejection tolerances are differentparameters which are toggled so that only one is active at a time. Thelocation tolerance determines when an object clings to an underlyingobject and the rejection tolerance determines when a clinging objectunclings from the underlying object.

The cursor path 308 and the underlying object 310 are extended toillustrate the cling characteristic. The floating object 304 “slides” inalignment with the underlying object 310 as the cursor 306 traverses thepath 308. In particular, when the cursor 306 is at the locations 320,322, 324 and 326 as shown, the floating object 310 assumes thecorresponding positions 330, 332, 334 and 336, respectively. It is notedthat the cursor 306 remains within the rejection tolerance defined forthe floating object 304 for the positions 330, 332, 334 and 336.

If the operator desires to un-cling from the underlying graphic object310, operator moves the cursor 306 a distance greater than the rejectiontolerance away from the underlying object 310 and the floating object304 jumps away from the underlying object 310 to the cursor 306 asthough it were magnetically repelled. This is shown at a location 328 ofthe cursor 306, where the floating object once again floats with thecursor 306 as shown at the position 328. If there is an additionalspecification for the logical relationship between the floating object304 and the underlying object 310, and if that relationship is not validfor the particular case, the floating object 304 does not cling to andis prevented from floating near the underlying object by an algorithmthat displaces the floating object's position with respect to theon-screen pointing device. An additional warning such as an auditorybeep or visual cue such as a sudden red color change in the floatingobject 304 is issued by the computer.

FIGS. 3D-3F illustrate possible behaviors that can be applied to thefloating object 304 while it is clinging to an underlying object 310.These behaviors are predefined according to geometric constraints for agiven object. FIG. 3D illustrates that the object 304 may be spun aboutan initial cling point 313 by manipulating the cursor 306 around thecling point 313, in contrast with FIG. 3C showing the object 304predefined to maintain a zero degree orientation regardless of itslocation. Further, the object 304 does not slide but sticks to theinitial cling point and rotates according to movements of the cursor306. FIG. 3E shows the object 304 positioned at a specifiedperpendicular offset 315 from cling point 313 in the direction of thecursor 306 and maintaining a zero degree orientation. Note that thefloating object 304 jumps to the opposite side of the underlying object310, as shown as 304A, when the cursor 306 traverses from one side tothe other of the underlying object 310. FIG. 3F show the object 304(304A) at a 180 degree rotation of the underlying object 310 at aspecified perpendicular offset 315 from cling point 313 in the directionof the cursor 306, again on opposite sides of the underlying object 310.Other variations are possible, of course, including multiple instancesof the floating object, such as a mirror image of the floating object ata specified perpendicular offset from cling point in the direction ofthe cursor 306, etc.

FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate yet further examples of the cling characteristicusing a system according to the present invention. In each case, acursor 406 with a floating object 404 is moved within a screen 400 alonga path 408 relative to an underlying object 410 already placed on thescreen 400. The object 404 is kept a predefined distance from theunderlying object 410 relative to a sliding cling point, which slidesalong the underlying object 410 following the cursor 406. The floatingobject 404 flops to the other side of the underlying object 410, asindicated at 404A, when the cursor 406 crosses over the underlyingobject 410 in a similar manner as described previously. It is noted thatonly one object is shown at any given time in the example of FIGS.4A-4D, where the designations 404 and 404A illustrate orientation of thesame object on opposite sides of the underlying graphic object 410.

Other graphic relationships define the orientation and rotation of thefloating object 404 based on the position of the cursor 406. In FIG. 4A,the object 404 is mirrored about the underlying object 410 when floppedto 404A. In FIG. 4B, the object 404 is mirrored about a perpendicular415 when flopped to 404A. In FIG. 4C, the object 404 is mirrored withrespect to both the perpendicular 415 and the underlying object 410 to404A. In FIG. 4D, the object 404 maintains a parallel relationship to404A.

FIG. 5 illustrates how TEXT is handled in context with other graphicobjects. Once the related symbolic object 510 has been drawn on a screen500, a TEXT annotation floats with a cursor 506 while obeyingconstraints for placement of the TEXT. The TEXT is made to align to theunderlying graphic object 510 using specified offsets, parallels andtangencies. In the example shown, the TEXT begins with an initiallocation tolerance, identified by dashed circle 512 and a largerrejection tolerance as illustrated by a dashed circle 514, both withrespect to an origin of the TEXT. At first, the TEXT floats with thecursor 506 until the cursor 506 is within the location tolerance, atwhich time the TEXT jumps to align parallel and at a perpendiculartangent with respect to the underlying graphic object 510, but separatedby a predefined offset 515. While the cursor 506 is moved along a path508, within the rejection tolerance, the TEXT aligns tangentially withthe underlying object 510 at the defined offset 515. This is illustratedat cursor positions 520, 522, 524 and 526. When the cursor 506 crossesover the underlying object 510 at point 530, the TEXT preferably jumpsto the opposite side, but maintains an orientation to allow the TEXT tobe read in normal upwards fashion. A dotted line 532 illustrates thepath that the TEXT follows. Furthermore, a characteristic is definedwhere TEXT automatically re-aligns itself at 180 degree increments,which occurs between positions 524 and 526, to maintain upward readingorientation. When the cursor 506 is moved outside the rejectiontolerance, the TEXT jumps back to float with the cursor 506 at anorigin, and the location tolerance is re-established.

FIGS. 6A-6D, 7A-7D, 8A-8D and 9A-9D illustrate various examples ofalignment vectors for inserting and cutting graphic objects. FIG. 6Aillustrates an object 604 with a single alignment vector 605 having twopoints, an origin point 605a for geometry calculations and an alignmentpoint 605 b for establishing orientation and direction of the alignmentvector 605 and the object 604. Although the object 604 is shown as asimple rectangle, it can be any object following particular alignmentrules, such as pipes, electrical components, etc.

FIG. 6B shows a screen 600 with an underlying object 610 and a floatingobject 604 floating with a cursor 606 for insertion, where theunderlying object 610 is illustrated as a single line segment. Theobject 604 includes an alignment vector 605 where the cursor 606preferably aligns with the origin point 605a. A location tolerance ispredefined and indicated by a circular outline 612 around the cursor606. The object 604 is moved with the cursor 606 along a path 608 andbrought within the location tolerance of the underlying object 610,where the object 604 snaps to and aligns with the underlying object 610,as shown in FIG. 6C. In particular, the origin point 605 a jumps to acling point 613 and the object 604 and alignment vector 605 rotate toalign so that the second point 605 b lies on top of the underlyingobject 610. The object 604 now clings and slides along the underlyingobject 610 in a similar manner described previously, where a rejectiontolerance is usually defined for maintaining cling with movement of thecursor 606.

It is noted that the eventual desired result is to “connect” the object604 to the underlying object 610 at the origin point 605 a, therebyaffecting the underlying object 610 in the data base as well asgraphically, if desired. In the example shown in FIG. 6C, the underlyingobject 610 is preferably split into two separate line segments 610 a,610 b at the origin point 605 a of the alignment vector 605. Theunderlying object 610 is preferably immediately modified during thecling action and dynamically updated as the object 604 is moved alongthe underlying object 610, where the respective lengths of the linesegments 610 a, 610 b are modified accordingly. Alternatively, theunderlying object 610 is not affected until the object 604 is actuallyaccepted at a desired location.

In FIG. 6D, the operator has accepted an appropriate location of theobject 604, where the underlying object 610 is split into two separatevectors 610 a and 610 b at the common origin point 605 a. It isappreciated that the operator had to only select the object 604, movethe cursor to within a predetermined proximity of an underlying object610, and the system automatically aligned the object 604 with respect tothe underlying object 610 and further modified the underlying object 610according to predefined rules. Then the operator simply moves the cursorin proximity of the underlying object 610 to select the desiredlocation, and accept the object 604 and the object 604 is added. FIG. 7Aillustrates an object 704 including a double alignment vector 705 incollinear mode with two spaced vectors 705 a and 705 b, each includingorigin points and alignment points for directional purposes in a similarmaimer as shown in FIG. 6A. The separation between the respective originpoints of the alignment vectors 705 a and 705 b defines a cut length forcutting an underlying object. In FIG. 7B, a screen 700 is shownincluding an object 704 selected for connection to an underlying graphicobject 710, which is another line segment as shown. When the object 704is moved into proximity with the underlying object 710 as shown in FIG.7C, the origin point of vector 705 a clings to a cling point 713, theobject 704 and vectors 705 a, 705 b rotate to align with the underlyingobject 710, and the underlying object 710 is divided into two separateline segments 710 a, 710 b separated by the predefined cut length.Again, the underlying object 710 is either modified or cut immediatelyor modified after the object 704 is actually accepted. Again, thefloating object 704 clings and slides along the underlying object 710while the cursor 706 is moved within the predefined proximity orrejection tolerance, continually redefining the location of the cut.

Eventually the operator selects the location of the object 704, and theobject 704 is inserted and the underlying object 710 is appropriatelydivided as shown in FIG. 7D. As a practical example. if a floatingobject includes specific definitions of collinear vectors, the geometryengine cuts the underlying linear graphic object and connects theresulting linear segments to the collinear vectors. This has the effectof breaking a line and inserting a device that forms part of the line,such as a fuse on a circuit schematic.

FIG. 8A illustrates an object 804 including double alignment vectors 805a, 805 b in collinear mode with an additional orthogonal alignmentvector 805 c. The collinear vectors 805 a, 805 b are two spaced vectors,where all three vectors include an origin point and an alignment pointfor directional purposes as described previously. The orthogonalalignment vector 805 c is preferably placed between and orthogonallyaligned with the collinear vectors 805 a, 805 b as shown. The separationbetween the collinear vectors 805 a, 805 b defines a cut length.

In FIG. 8B, the object 804 with the alignment vectors 805 a, 805 b and805 c is selected for interaction with underlying graphic objects 810and 811, where the primary vector 810 orthogonally intersects asecondary vector 811 at a point 820 as shown. Again, a screen 800 isshown including a cursor 806 for locating the object 804.

When the object 804 is in proximity of the underlying object 810 asshown in FIG. 8C, the collinear vectors 805 a, 805 b cling, align andcut the underlying primary vector 810 into two separate vector objects810 a, 810 b separated by the predefined cut length in a similar manneras described previously. The origin point of the vector 805 a has alocation tolerance for jumping and clinging with the primary vector 810.The object 804 clings and slides along the primary vector 810.

As illustrated in FIG. 8D, the orthogonal alignment vector 805 c alsohas a separate location tolerance defined for its origin for clinging tothe secondary vector 811. Thus, when the origin point of the orthogonalalignment vector 805 c is within its location tolerance with thesecondary vector 811, the object 804 and alignment vectors 805 a, 805 band 805 c jump so that the origin and alignment points of the vector 805c align with the underlying vector 811. The operator may move the cursor806 about a rejection tolerance, where the object 804 remains static andaligned with the intersection point 820.

In FIG. 8E, the operator accepts the result, and the underlying primarysegment 810 is divided into two collinear line segments 810 a, 810 bseparated by the cut length, where the cut length is divided on eitherside of the secondary vector 811. In the example shown, the primaryvector 810 is divided equally on either side of the secondary vector811, although unequal divisions and non-orthogonal intersections e.g.isometric, etc. are just as easily achieved as desired.

FIGS. 9A-9E are similar to FIGS. 8A-8E, except illustrating primary 905a, 905 b and secondary 905 c, 905 d collinear alignment vectors definingtwo separate cut lengths for the primary 910 and secondary 911underlying objects, respectively. The primary and secondary vectors 910,911 are divided into two portions 910 a, 910 b and 911 a, 911 b,respectively, divided by respective cut lengths, and the object 904 isaligned and places as desired.

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate operation of alignment vectors for aligningan underlying T pipe object 1010 and a selected elbow pipe object 1004using alignment vectors on a screen 1000. The underlying T pipe object1004 includes an alignment vector 1005 and the T pipe object 1010includes an alignment vector 1017, each with an origin point and analignment point. The operator selects the elbow pipe object 1004 havinga predefined location tolerance about the origin point of the vector1005. The elbow pipe object 1004 floats with the cursor 1006, it iswithin the location tolerance of the origin point of the alignmentvector 1017 of the T pipe object 1010, where the elbow pipe object 1004is automatically rotated and positioned so that the respective originpoints and alignment points of each of the alignment vectors 1005, 1017overlap. In this manner, the two objects 1004 and 1010 are automaticallyaligned with each other by the system, and the operator need only acceptor reject the proposed relationship. In particular, if the operatorintended to connect the objects 1004, 1010 as proposed, the relationshipis accepted, and if not, the operator simply moves the elbow pipe object1004 beyond the rejection tolerance for connection with another objectas desired.

It is noted that the particular alignment vectors described herein arefor purposes of illustration. Thus, alignment vectors need not becollinear nor orthogonal but may be aligned at any desired orientationand angle.

FIG. 11 illustrates the present invention used to implement objectsincluding clip regions for partial deletion of underlying graphicobjects in a design. A palette 1102 is provided on a screen 1100. wherethe palette includes three objects 1104, 1106 and 1108, each havingcorresponding clip patterns 1104 a, 1106 a, and 1108 a, respectively.Also provided on the screen 1100 is a set of underlying object symbolpatterns, including a pattern of splines 1110, a horizontal line pattern1112 and a vertical line pattern 1114 intersecting one another as shown.The operator selects one of the objects 1104, 1106 and 1108 from thepalette 1102, and the selected object floats with the cursor as thecursor is moved across the screen 1100 by the operator. As the selectedobject coincides with or covers the patterns 1110, 1112, or 1114, aportion of all or certain ones of the underlying patterns 1110, 1112 and1114 that are coincident with the corresponding clip region of theselected object is deleted.

In particular, the clip pattern 1104 a deletes the coincident portion ofthe pattern of splines 1110, but otherwise does not affect thehorizontal or vertical pattern of lines 1112, 1114. The clip pattern I106a deletes the coincident portion of all of the patterns 1110, 1112and 1114. The clip pattern 1108 a deletes the coincident portion of thehorizontal and vertical line patterns 1112, 1114, but does not affectthe underlying pattern of splines 1110. This partial deletion iscontrasted with simple masking capability, where the graphic portion ofthe object is obscured but the object “remains” in the graphic file.Although the present invention may be used for partial masking, partialdeletion involves actually deleting the coincident portion of theunderlying graphic objects in a selective mode.

It is noted that the partial deletion may be performed interactively asthe selected and floating object is moved across the screen 1100.However, this is computationally intensive and may cause a computersystem to slow down considerably. Thus, the object is usually drawn andthe underlying deletions are preferably performed upon acceptance ofobject at a desired location.

An example of objects including clip patterns to partially delete anyunderlying graphic object elements is TEXT, where it is desired tocreate “white space” for TEXT annotation. The objects to be deleted arecontained in a specification for that type of annotation. In FIG. 5, forexample, if the TEXT overlaps certain underlying objects, a portion ofthe object coincident with the TEXT is deleted. Also, if the definitionof the floating object includes a closed shape drawn with specificgraphic parameters, the geometry object engine causes the CAD system topartially delete all specified graphic objects that fall within thedefined region. This has the effect of “cleaning up” graphic elementsthat would otherwise appear to be visually merged with the floatingobject.

FIGS. 13A-13C are three dimensional (3D) graphic diagrams illustratingassembly of a 3D elbow pipe object 1301 with an underlying 3D straightpipe object 1304. The operator selects a 3D object, such as the elbowpipe object 1301, using the pointing device 1206, which causes thegeometry processing engine to activate the selected object. The elbowpipe object 1301 moves in conjunction with a cursor 1305, which in turnis moved by the operator using the pointing device 1206. As shown inFIG. 13A, the elbow pipe object 1301 includes a geometric graphicconstraint element 1302, which is similar to the alignment vector 1005of the elbow pipe object 1004, and which is part of the definition ofthe elbow pipe object 1301. The elbow pipe object 1301 is moved relativeto the cursor 1305 to within proximity of an existing graphic constraintelement 1303 of the straight pipe object 1304. Again, the graphicconstraint element 1303 is part of the definition of the straight pipeobject 1304.

As shown in FIG. 13B, when the cursor 1305 is moved to occlude a portionof the graphic constraint element 1303 of the straight pipe object 1304,the cling mode of interaction is invoked by the geometry processingengine so that the elbow pipe object 1301 jumps to the straight pipeobject 1304 as though it were magnetically attracted. The new positionis determined by the geometry processing engine based on the definitionsin the graphic constraint element 1303 and position of the cursor 1305,which cursor position is defined by the position of the pointing device1206 as manipulated by the operator. It is noted that a designatedmagnetic origin point of a graphic constraint element, such as thegraphic constraint element 1302 of the elbow pipe object 1301, istypically defined to be coincident with the cursor 1305 when moved withthe cursor 1305 in float mode. However, the locations of the cursor anda graphic constraint elements during float mode may be defined in anymanner as desired. The magnetic origin or cling point jumps away fromthe cursor and towards the underlying graphic object during cling modeas previously described.

As shown in FIG. 13C, as the cursor 1305 is moved around the end of thestraight pipe object 1304 by the operator, the geometry processingengine determines and rotates the 3D elbow pipe object 1301 about acling vector 1306, which is defined as a collinear vector with thegraphic constraint elements 1302, 1303 during cling mode. The graphicconstraint elements 1302, 1303 are defined to enable the elbow pipeobject 1301 to rotate about the cling vector 1306 at any angle, or torotate only to one or more predetermined angle orientations. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 13C, four predetermined orientations for theelbow pipe object 1301 with respect to the straight pipe object 1304 areshown as a result of a separate rotational constraint of 90 degrees. Inthis manner, the geometric relationship between the elbow pipe object1301 and the straight pipe object 1304 is defined based on the graphicconstraint elements 1302, 1303 during cling mode and the position of thepointing device 1206. The geometry processing engine dynamically andinteractively updates the 3D display according to the defined geometricrelationship.

It is noted that if there is an additional specification for the logicalrelationship between the new object and the underlying graphic object,and if that relationship is not valid for the particular case, then thenew object does not cling to the underlying object, and is preventedfrom being near the underlying object by displacing the new object'sposition with respect to the cursor. An additional notice to the usersuch as an auditory beep or visual cue such as a sudden red color changein the new 3D object may be issued by the computer.

FIG. 14A is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a selected 3D chair object1401 being moved with a cursor 1402 towards an underlying circulargraphic constraint element 1403 having predefined geometric constraints.As before, the operator selects the 3D chair object 1401 and moves itfreely through 3D model space in conjunction with the motion of thecursor 1402, which is moved according to position and movement of thepointing device 1206. The position and orientation of the 3D chairobject 1401 is defined only with respect to the cursor 1402 whilefloating in 3D space and before occluding any underlying graphicobjects.

The circular graphic constraint element 1403 is shown in isometricprojection, which is predefined as a graphic constraint element by it'scolor, pattern, weight, layer, class or other graphic parameters. Thecircular graphic constraint element 1403 is defined alone and is notnecessarily part of any underlying graphic object in this case. However,the circular graphic constraint element 1403 is used to represent a realor physical object, such as, for example, a surface for placement ofcertain 3D objects, such as the 3D chair object 1401.

When the cursor 1402, coincident with a designated magnetic originpoint, or cling point, of the selected chair object 1401, is moved toocclude a portion of the circular graphic constraint element 1403 asshown in FIG. 14B, the chair object 1401 is repositioned and displayedby the geometry processing engine into an appropriate position andgeometric relationship with the underlying circular graphic constraintelement 1403. In particular, the chair object 1401 jumps onto theunderlying circular graphic constraint element 1403 as though it weremagnetically attracted, and clings to the circular graphic constraintelement 1403 while the cursor 1402 is moved in proximity thereto. Thus,as the cursor 1402 is moved by the operator, the cling point of thechair object 1401 follows the extent of the circle defined by thecircular graphic constraint element 1403 according to particulargeometric specifications.

If an offset distance, rotation angle, or other geometric specificationhas been defined, the chair object 1401 is oriented with respect to thegeometric specifications and the active cling point. For example, if thecircular graphic constraint element 1403 represents a floor surface, thechair object 1401 is oriented to stand on the floor

FIG. 14B illustrates various positions and orientations that result asthe cursor 1402 is moved about the extent of the circular graphicconstraint element 1403. As the chair object 1401 is moved by moving thecursor 1402 outside the circular graphic constraint element 1403, it ismanipulated into a tangential and perpendicular position with respect tothe cling point and the circular graphic constraint element 1403.Although orientation modifications shown occur with respect to thevertical axis, any 3D vector could be employed as an axis of rotation.

The geometric constraint may be defined to keep the chair object 1401outside the circle of the circular graphic constraint element 1403 asshown at positions 1401a and 1401b. Alternatively, the geometricconstraint may be defined in such a manner so that if the cursor 1402 ismoved to a position within the circular graphic constraint element 1403,the chair object 1401 assumes an orientation of 180 degrees rotationfrom the prior orientation, as shown at position 1401 c.

Position 1401 d illustrates how the operator causes the 3D object toun-cling from the underlying graphic object. In particular, the cursor1402 is moved by the operator a specified distance away from thecircular graphic constraint element 1403, the chair object 1401 isdisplayed to jump away from the underlying circular graphic constraintelement 1403 and back to the cursor 1402 as though it were magneticallyrepelled, and it resumes its float behavior.

FIG. 15A is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a geometric graphicconstraint element, such as the circular graphic constraint element1403, that is combined with a 3D object, such as a table object 1501, inorder to define interactive object placement constraints. Geometricgraphic constraint elements are usually defined or calculated accordingto an interesting or important aspect of a graphic object. The graphicconstraint elements are either interactively created and automaticallycalculated based on a primary constraint of a graphic object, or aredefined as part of the definition of the object. For example, thecircular graphic constraint element 1403 shown in FIG. 15A is eithercalculated based on other constraints of the table object 1501, or isdefined as part of the graphic definition of the circular table object1501 itself. The table object 1501 is circular and shown as centeredwithin, and concentric with, the circular graphic constraint element1403 where the circular graphic constraint element 1403 represents boththe outline around the table object 1501, and the planar floor surfaceupon which the table object 1501 is placed.

In this case, one or more chair objects 1401 are placed around the tableobject 1501 to rest on the planar floor surface and oriented to face thetable object 1501. As before, each chair object 1401 is selected andplaced by the operator using the pointing device 1206, where thegeometry processing engine interactively and dynamically updates thedisplay and geometric relationships based on the predetermined geometricconstraints and position of the cursor as determined from position ofthe pointing device 1206. The geometric constraints of the graphicconstraint element 1403 are defined as desired, such as allowing thechair objects 1401 to be placed at any angle about the table object1501, or may be defined to allow the chair object 1401 to be placed onlyat particular angles. For example, FIG. 15B is a 3D design illustratinga geometric constraint where the table objects 1401 are allowed only at90 degree displacements from each other around the table object 1501. Inall cases, however, each chair object is automatically placed toproperly rest on the planar floor surface as defined by the graphicconstraint element 1403.

FIG. 16A is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating placement of 3D furnitureobjects with respect to an underlying 3D object to create a 3D design1600. In particular, a first graphic constraint element 1601 is definedabout the edge of the table top of a 3D table object 1602. A secondgraphic constraint element 1603 is defined having the same shape as thefirst graphic constraint element 1601, but located at an offset belowthe edge of the table top of the 3D table object 1602 to represent afloor surface upon which the table object 1602 is placed. Both the firstand second graphic constraint elements 1601, 1603 are made part of thedefinition of the table object 1601. The geometry processing engine usesthe first and second graphic constraint elements 1601, 1603 to place anddisplay objects.

As shown, a 3D chair object 1610 is placed and displayed around thetable object 1602 by the geometry processing engine using the secondgraphic constraint element 1603 and position of the pointing device1206, to thereby place the chair object 1610 in an appropriate geometricrelationship with the table object 1602 in a similar manner as describedabove. In this manner, when the chair object 1610 occludes the graphicconstraint element 1603, the chair object 1610 is displayed to jump to aposition on the floor and oriented to face the table object 1601. As thepointing object is moved, the display is interactively updated todisplay the chair object 1610 correspondingly moving around the tableobject 1602. Also, a lamp object 1612 is placed by selecting and movingit to occlude the first graphic constraint element 1601, where the lampobject 1612 is positioned and displayed to properly rest on the topsurface of the table object 1602. In this case, the geometricconstraints for the first graphic constraint element 1601 are definedsuch that while the lamp object 1612 is within the outline of the firstgraphic constraint element 1601, the lamp object 1612 is positioned anddisplayed on the table surface. In this manner, the operator places thelamp object 1612 at any desired position on the top surface of the tableobject 1602 simply by moving the pointing device 1206. The geometryprocessing engine detects the position of the pointing device 1206 andperforms the necessary calculations based on the graphic constraints forpositioning and displaying the lamp object 1612. Additional 3D objectsare placed in this manner to continuously create and update a 3D design.

FIG. 16B is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating the derivation ofadditional constraint geometry elements from the first graphicconstraint element for a 3D furniture object. In particular, a thirdgraphic constraint element 1605 is defined using a fixed offset distance1604 from each point of the first graphic constraint element 1601 in thehorizontal plane, where the third graphic constraint element 1605 iscoplanar with the first graphic constraint element 1601. The thirdgraphic constraint element 1605 is either mathematically defined anddynamically updated based on first graphic constraint element 1601, oris the made part of the definition of the 3D table object 1602. A fourthgraphic constraint element 1607 is also defined using a fixed elevationdistance 1606 above the second graphic constraint element 1604, wherethe fourth graphic constraint element 1607 is in a second plane parallelwith the second graphic constraint element 1604. Again, the fourthgraphic constraint element 1607 is either mathematically calculatedbased on other graphic constraints of the 3D table object 1602 or madepart of the definition of the table object 1602.

The first, second, third and fourth graphic constraint elements 1601,1603, 1605 and 1607 are shown as planar elements. However, geometricconstraint elements may be defined using linear, planar, 3D, etc.graphic elements as desired.

FIG. 17 is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating how 3D visualization isinteractively controlled based upon perspective points derived from thefourth graphic constraint element 1607 of the 3D table object 1602 ofFIG. 16. In particular, one or more logical camera objects 1702 areselected and placed along the length of the graphic constraint element1607 in a similar interactive manner as described previously. Thelogical camera object 1702 is moved with a cursor until a defined clingpoint clings to the graphic constraint element 1607, where each clingpoint becomes a view perspective tangent point 1701.

While clinging to the graphic constraint element 1607, each logicalcamera object 1702 is orthogonally aligned with the graphic constraintelement 1607. As shown, each logical camera object 702 represents itsassociated view perspective tangent points 1701, where each logicalcamera object 1702 initially points inwards with respect towards thegraphic constraint element 1607. In the example shown, an adjustableangle value 1703 is applied to rotate each logical camera object 1702parallel to the graphic constraint element 1607 in order to orient theview onto a region of interest 1704. Each logical camera object 1702 maybe aligned individually, or any two or more of the logical cameraobjects 1702 may be selected and aligned simultaneously. The region ofinterest 1704 is preferably associated with the 3D table object 1602, sothat each logical camera object 1702 is aligned to point towards the 3Dtable object 1602.

FIG. 18 is a 3D graphic diagram illustrating a series of logical cameraobject positions 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 of a cameraobject 1702, each position representing a constrained view perspectivepoint as applied to the visualization of an inferred assembly of 3Dfurniture objects including the 3D table object 1602. Each of the 3Dfurniture objects were placed about the table object 1602 forming aninferred assembly 3D design 1810. Note that a single logical cameraobject 1702 is interactively moved by the operator moving the pointingdevice 1206, so that the logical camera object interactively slidesalong the line of the graphic constraint element 1607 to any position,where the positions 1801-1806 are shown for purposes of illustration.Alternatively, the positions 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 mayrepresent a predetermined number of viewpoints to provide exactdivisions of intermediate view points.

FIGS. 19A-19F are 3D graphic diagrams showing the view perspective ofthe 3D design 1810 of FIG. 18 from each of the constrained viewperspective positions 1801-1806, respectively. In particular, theoperator selects the viewpoint of the logical camera object 1702, andthen moves the pointing device 1206 to interactively change the displaybased upon the viewpoint of the camera object. The geometry processingengine continuously detects the position of the pointing device 1206,and continuously and interactively updates the display on the monitor1202 according to the viewpoint of the logical camera object 1702. Eachof the views shown in FIGS. 19A-19F represents only a snapshot of what aCAD operator sees on the screen of the monitor 1202 as a result of sixparticular constrained view manipulation positions 1801-1806. Note thatthe top surface of the 3D table object 1602 remains the focus of eachscene throughout all six view perspective points 1801-1806.

In this manner, the operator defines a geometric constraint associatedwith a graphic object in a 3D graphic design, selects and positions alogical view object such as a logical camera, changes the viewpointdisplayed on the monitor 1202 to that of the logical view device, andthen moves the pointing device 1206 to interactively view the 3D graphicdesign at any desired angle.

FIG. 20 is a 3D graphic diagram of the 3D design 1810 of FIG. 18illustrating placement of a logical light source 2000 at any location asrepresented by locations 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, each locationconstrained by an applied visualization of the inferred assembly of the3D furniture objects. The logical light source 2000 was selected andplaced in association with the graphic constraint element 1607 in asimilar manner as described above for the logical camera object 1702.Each of the logical light source positions 2001-2004 are oriented inaccordance with the principles of the present invention, using the sameinteractive techniques as described previously. The logical light source2000 is moved and rotated with respect to the graphic constraint element1607 in a similar manner as described above for the logical cameraobjects 1702 to a specific position and specific angle in order toproject illumination on the top of the 3D table object 1602. Light raysare depicted as a conical shaped array of lines 2006 emanating from thelogical light source 2000 in each of the positions 2001-2004 as an aidto positioning the logical light source with respect to a 3D object ofinterest. Alternatively, multiple logical light sources 2000 may beplaced, one for each of the positions 2001-2004.

It is noted that the geometry processing engine may be implemented withcommands to interactively illustrate and update the effect of one ormore logical light sources 2000 while being positioned. Such effectswould include shadow effects for each of the underlying graphic objects,such as the table object 1602. Alternatively, a separate post-processingportion of the geometry processing engine is executed on the 3D design1810 after being assembled to determine and display lighting effectsbased on selected placement of one or more light sources.

FIG. 21 depicts four simultaneous views 2101, 2102, 2103 and 2104 of the3D design 1810. The views are used in tandem to assist the CAD operatorin obtaining precise 3D coordinate points and for visualizing the exactlayout of the 3D design 1810. The particular views 2101, 2102, 2103 and2104 are drafting standard top, front, right side and isometric views,respectively.

FIG. 22 illustrates a view operation to achieve multiple simultaneoussized and centered views 2201, 2202, 2203 and 2204 of a selected 3Dobject of interest. In particular, the operator has selected a 3D chairobject 2105 in the 3D design 1810 of FIG. 21 for view manipulation.Again, the views 2201-2204 are drafting standard top, front, right sideand isometric views, respectively, of the 3D chair object 2105. The viewsize for each of the simultaneous views 2201-2204 is set to 110% of the3D extent of the chair object 2105. The geometry processing enginecaused the computer graphics system to display each view centered on theobject 2105.

It is now appreciated that a CAD system according to the presentinvention enables interactive manipulation and viewing of selected 3Dobjects in a 3D representation according to predefined geometricconstraints and the position of an input device. A system according tothe present invention automatically calculates and displays the correctgeometric relationships in an interactive fashion. Thus, the presentinvention allows an operator to more rapidly produce accurate 3D designsthat conform to predefined specifications for appearance, content andrelationships among the graphic objects that convey cognition for theintent of 3D designs. The computer operator is relieved of the duty oflearning the correct layout of graphic objects to assemble a validrepresentation of a 3D design, system or model. In effect, a systemaccording to the present invention is an “expert” CAD system, so thatthe operator need not be very knowledgeable to interactively create andview 3D designs.

Although the system and method of the present invention has beendescribed in connection with the preferred embodiment, it is notintended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein, but on thecontrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, andequivalents, as can be reasonably included within the spirit and scopeof the invention as defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of interactively determining geometricrelationships between objects in a computer-implemented graphics system,comprising: (a) moving a first graphics object displayed by thecomputer-implemented graphics system; (b) determining if the firstgraphic object is moved close to a second graphic object; (c) if thefirst graphic object has been moved close to the second graphic object,dynamically altering a position of the first graphic object to agreewith assembly specifications with respect to the second graphic objectaccording to predetermined geometric constraints and the position of theinput device.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising dynamicallymoving the first graphic object after it has been dynamically altered toagree with the assembly specifications according to movement of theinput device and the predetermined geometric constraints while the firstgraphic object remains close to the underlying graphic object.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the dynamically altering step furthercomprise the steps of clinging the first graphic object to the secondgraphic object, and rotatably moving and displaying the first graphicobject about the second graphic object corresponding to movement of theinput device.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein closeness is based on apredefined geometric graphic element associated with the second graphicobject.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamically altering stepincludes the step of orienting the first graphic object according to atangential angle with respect to the second graphic object at a clingpoint.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the dynamically altering stepincludes the step of positioning the first graphic object at apredetermined offset relative to a cling point between the first graphicobject and the second graphic object.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinthe second graphic object includes at least one graphic constraintelement, and the dynamically altering step further comprises the step ofaligning the first graphic object with the second graphic objectaccording to the graphic constraint element of the second graphicobject.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first graphic object andthe second graphic object each have a graphic constraint element, andthe dynamically altering step comprises the step of aligning the firstgraphic object with the second graphic object by aligning the respectivegraphic constraint elements.
 9. A computer-implemented graphics systemfor interactively determining geometric relationships between objects,comprising: (a) means, performed by a processor, for moving a firstgraphics object displayed by the computer-implemented graphics system;(b) means, performed by a processor, for determining if the firstgraphic object is moved close to a second graphic object; (c) means,performed by a processor, for dynamically altering a position of thefirst graphic object to agree with assembly specifications with respectto the second graphic object according to predetermined geometricconstraints and the position of the input device, if the first graphicobject has been moved close to the second graphic object.
 10. The systemof claim 9, further comprising means for dynamically moving the firstgraphic object after it has been dynamically altered to agree with theassembly specifications according to movement of the input device andthe predetermined geometric constraints while the first graphic objectremains close to the underlying graphic object.
 11. The system of claim9, wherein the means for dynamically altering further comprises meansfor clinging the first graphic object to the second graphic object, andfor rotatably moving and displaying the first graphic object about thesecond graphic object corresponding to movement of the input device. 12.The system of claim 9, wherein closeness is based on a predefinedgeometric graphic element associated with the second graphic object. 13.The system of claim 9, wherein the means for dynamically alteringincludes means for orienting the first graphic object according to atangential angle with respect to the second graphic object at a clingpoint.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the means for dynamicallyaltering includes means for positioning the first graphic object at apredetermined offset relative to a cling point between the first graphicobject and the second graphic object.
 15. The system of claim 9, whereinthe second graphic object includes at least one graphic constraintelement, and the means for dynamically altering further comprises meansfor aligning the first graphic object with the second graphic objectaccording to the graphic constraint element of the second graphicobject.
 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the first graphic object andthe second graphic object each have a graphic constraint element, andthe means for dynamically altering comprises means for aligning thefirst graphic object with the second graphic object by aligning therespective graphic constraint elements.
 17. An article of manufacturestoring software for execution by a processor in a computer-implementedgraphics system to perform method of interactively determining geometricrelationships between objects, the method comprising the steps of: (a)moving a first graphics object displayed by the computer-implementedgraphics system; (b) determining if the first graphic object is movedclose to a second graphic object; (c) if the first graphic object hasbeen moved close to the second graphic object, dynamically altering aposition of the first graphic object to agree with assemblyspecifications with respect to the second graphic object according topredetermined geometric constraints and the position of the inputdevice.
 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising dynamicallymoving the first graphic object after it has been dynamically altered toagree with the assembly specifications according to movement of theinput device and the predetermined geometric constraints while the firstgraphic object remains close to the underlying graphic object.
 19. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the dynamically altering step furthercomprise the steps of clinging the first graphic object to the secondgraphic object, and rotatably moving and displaying the first graphicobject about the second graphic object corresponding to movement of theinput device.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein closeness is based ona predefined geometric graphic element associated with the secondgraphic object.
 21. The system of claim 17, wherein the dynamicallyaltering step includes the step of orienting the first graphic objectaccording to a tangential angle with respect to the second graphicobject at a cling point.
 22. The system of claim 17, wherein thedynamically altering step includes the step of positioning the firstgraphic object at a predetermined offset relative to a cling pointbetween the first graphic object and the second graphic object.
 23. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the second graphic object includes at leastone graphic constraint element, and the dynamically altering stepfurther comprises the step of aligning the first graphic object with thesecond graphic object according to the graphic constraint element of thesecond graphic object.
 24. The system of claim 17, wherein the firstgraphic object and the second graphic object each have a graphicconstraint element, and the dynamically altering step comprises the stepof aligning the first graphic object with the second graphic object byaligning the respective graphic constraint elements.